ANTECEDENTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF WORK SATISFACTION AND ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT IN THE MERGER PROCESS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24034/j25485024.y2014.v18.i1.98Keywords:
keterlibatan kerja, keterikatan kerja, kepuasan kerja, komitmen organisasional, perilaku knowledge sharingAbstract
Dalam proses penggabungan perusahaan dihadapkan pada beberapa tantangan yang berat. Kepuasan kerja karyawan yang meningkat dan komitmen kerja yang tinggi diperlukan agar proses penggabungan perusahaan berjalan sukses dan lancar. Isu strategis dalam proses perubahan organisasi akan berkaitan erat dengan perilaku karyawannya Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji dan menganalisis pengaruh positif signifikan: (1) keterlibatan kerja terhadap kepuasan kerja, (2) keterlibatan kerja terhadap komitmen organisasional, (3) keter- ikatan kerja terhadap kepuasan kerja, (4) keterikatan kerja terhadap komitmen organisasional, (5) kepuasan kerja terhadap komitmen organisasional, (6) komitmen organisasional terhadap kepuasan kerja, (7) kepuasan kerja ter- hadap perilaku knowledge sharing, dan (8) komitmen organisasional terhadap perilaku knowledge sharing. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada tiga perusahaan manufaktur BUMN di Indonesia yang sedang melakukan proses penggabungan. Jenis penelitian adalah survei dengan menggunakan data primer melalui kuesioner dan wawancara dengan beberapa manajer. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa perilaku knowledge sharing disebabkan oleh adanya peningkatan kepuasan kerja dan komitmen organisasional manajer yang disebabkan oleh adanya keterlibatan dan keterikatan kerja manajer saat proses penggabungan berlangsung.
References
Allen, N. J. and J. P. Meyer. 1990. The Measurement and Antecedent of Affective, Continuance and Normative Commitment to the Organizations. Journal of Occupational Psychology 63: 1-8.
--------. 1993. Organizational Commitment: Evidence of Career Stage Effects? Journal Business Research 26: 49-61.Anand, B. N. and T. Khanna. 2000. Do Firms Learn to Create Value? The Case of Alliance. Strategic Management Journal 21: 295-315.Bartfield, R. 1998. Creating Value through Mergers. The Bankers: 24-5. Basu, V., E. Hartono, A. Lederer and V. Sethi. 2002. The Impact of Organizational Commitment, Senior Management Involvement, and Team Involvement on Strategic Information Systems Planning. Information and Management 39(6): 513-524.Binberg, J. G. and J. F. Shields. 1989. Three Decades of Behavioral Accounting Research: A Search for Order. Behavioral Research in Accounting 1: 23-74.Biswas, S. and J. Bhatnagar. 2013. Mediator Analysis of Employee Engagement: Role of Perceived Organizational Sup- port, P-O Fit, Organizational Commit- ment and Job Satisfaction. VIKALPA 38(1): 27 – 40. Black, J. S. and H. B. Gregersen. 2003. Leading Strategic Change. Pearson Edu cation, Inc. New Jersey.Brayfield, A. H. and H .F. Rothe. 1951. An Index of Job Satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology 35: 307-311.
Bresman, H., J. Birkinshaw and R. Nobel. 1999. Knowledge Transfer in International Acquisitions. Journal of Internati onal Business Studies 30(3): 439‐462.
Brown, S. P. 1996. A Meta-Analysis and Review of Organizational Research on Job Involvement. Psychological Bulletin 120: 235-255.
Cantisano, G. T., J. F. N. Domínguez, and M. Depolo. 2008. Psychological Contract Breach and Outcomes: Combining Meta Analysis and Structural Equation Models. Psicothema 20(3): 487-496.
Carper, W. E. 1990. Corporate Acquisition and Shareholder Wealth; A Review and Explanotory Analysis. Journal of Mana- gement 16: 807-23.
Christian, M. S., A. S. Garza and J. E. Slaughter. 2011. Work Engagement: A Quantitative Review and Test of Its Relations with Task and Contextual Performance. Personnel Psychology 64: 89-136.
Chughtai, A. A. and S. Zafar. 2006. Antecedents and Consequences of Organizational Commitment among Pakistani University Teachers. Applied H.R.M. Research 11(1): 39-64.
Cohen, A. 1999. Relationships among Five Forms of Commitment: An Empirical Assessment. Journal of Organization Behavior 20: 285-308.
Daft, R. L. 2007. Organization Theory and Design. 11th ed. South Western 5191 Natorp Boulevard Mason. USA.
Davis, K. 1985. Human Behavior at Work: Organizational Behavior. McGraw Hill Company, Inc. Blacklick Ohio USA.Davis, K. and J. W. Newstrom. 1989. Human Behaviour at Work: Organizational Behavi our. 8th ed. Mc Graw Hill Book Co. Singapore.De Lacy, J. C. 2009. Employee Engagement: The Development of a Three Dimensi- onal Model of Engagement; and an Exploration of Its Relationship with Affective Leader Behaviours. Research Paper. Master of Business School of Management Quenssland University of Technology. Australia.Demirel, Y. and K. Goc. 2013. The Impact of Organizational Commitment on Know legde Sharing. 1st Annual International Interdisciplinary ConferenceAIIC 2013 24-26 April Azores Portugal: 954-963. Gammelgaard, J., K. Husted, and S. Michailova. 2004. Knowledge-Sharing Behavior and Post-acquisition Inte gration Failure. CKG Working Paper. Department of Management, Politics and Philosophy Copenhagen Business School the Center for Knowledge Governance Blaagaardsgade 23 B DK-2200 Copenhagen N Denmark.Gomes, D. R. 2009. Organizational Change and Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Organizational Commitment. Exedra 1: 177-196. Grant, R. M. 1998. Contemporary Strategy Analysis. Concept, Techniques, Applicati- ons. 2nd ed. Blackwell Publishing. Oxford.
Gupta, A. K. and V. Govindarajan. 2000. Knowledge Flows within Multinational Corporation. Strategic Management Journal 21(4): 473-496.
Hair, J. F., R. E. Anderson., R. L. Tathan, and W.C. Black. 1995. Multivariate Data Analysis. 4th ed. Prentice Hall. New Jersey.
Hambrick, D. C. and P. A. Mason. 1984. Upper Echelon the Organization as a Reflection of Its Top Manager. Academy of Management Review 9: 193-206.
Harter, J. K., F. L. Schmidt, and T. L. Hayes. 2002. Business-Unit-Level Relationship between Employee Satisfaction, Employee Engagement, and Business Outcomes: A Meta Analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology 8(2): 268-279.
Hitt, M. A., R. D. Ireland, and J. S. Harrison. 2001. Mergers and Acquisition; A Value Creating or Value Destroying Strategy. Handbook of Strategy Management. Blackwell Publisher. Malden MA.
Hitt, M. A., R. D. Ireland, and R. E. Hoskisson. 1999. Strategic Management. Competitiveness and Globalization. Inter- national Thompson Publishing. Cincin nati Ohio.
Ho, C. C., B. Oldenburg, G. Day, and J. Sun. 2012. Work Values, Job Involvement, and Organizational Commitment in Taiwanese Nurses. International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences 2(3): 64-70.
Holt, D. T., A. A. Armenakis, H. S. Field, and S. G. Harris. 2007. Readiness for Organizational Change: The Systematic Development of a Scale. Journal of Apllied Behavioral Science 43: 232–255.
Hunger, J. D and T. L. Wheelen. 1996. Strategic Management. Addison Wesley Publishing Company Inc. USA.Hwang, H. and Y. Takane. 2004. Generali- zed Structured Component Analysis. Psychometrika 69(1): 81-99.Hwang, H. 2009. Regularized Generalized Structured Component Analysis. Psychometrika 74: 517- 530.Jamal, M. and J. A. Badawi. 1995. Nonstandard Work Schedules and Work and Nonwork Experiences of Muslim Immigrants. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 10(2): 395-408.
Jia, F., J. SongGen, and Y. Shi. 2012. The Application of Socialization Externali zation Combination Internalization Model in Library Knowledge Manage- ment. Advances in Biomedical Enginee ring 10: 359-363.
Jonathan, H., C. Darroux, and J. Massele. 2013. Perceived Job Satisfaction and Its Impact on Organizational Commit- ment: An Empirical Study of Public Secondary School Teachers in Dodoma, Tanzania. IOSR Journal of Business and Management 13(3): 41-52.
Kahn, W. A. 1990. Psychological Conditions of Personal Engagement and Disengagement at Work. Academy of Management Journal 33(4): 692-724.
Kanungo, R. N. 1982a. Measurement of Job and Work Involvement. Journal of Applied Psychology 67(3): 341-49.
-------. 1982b. Work Alienation: An Integrative Approach. Praeger. New York.
Kaufman, D. and P. Siegelbaum. 1996. Privatization and Corruption in Transi tion Economies. Journal of International Affairs 50(2): 419-456.
Kelman, S. 2005. Unleashing Change: A Study of Organizational Renewal in Government. Brookings Institution Press. Washing ton DC.
Khan, K. and A. R. Nemati. 2011. Impact of Job Involvement on Employee Satisfac- tion: A Study Based on Medical Doctors Working at Riphah Inter national University Teaching Hospitals in Pakistan. African Journal of Business Mana-gemen 5(6): 2241-2246.
Kogut, B. and U. Zander. 1993. Knowledge of the Firm and the Evolutionary Theory of the Multinational Corpora- tion. Journal of International Business Studies 24: 625-645.
Kotter, J. P. 1995. Leading Change; Why Transformation Efforts Fail. Harvard Business Review 73(2): 59-67.
Kreitner, R. and A. Kinicki. 2007. Organizati- onal Behavior. 7th ed. McGraw Hill. New York.
LaCoursiere, J. A. 2008. Stages of Relation- ship Change adn Individual and Couple Adjusment. University of Kentucky. Theses. 521. Locke, E. 1976. The Nature and Causes of Job Satisfaction. Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology (1297–1349). Rand McNally. Chicago.Lodahl. T. M. and M. Kejner. 1965. The definition and Measurement of Job Involvement. Journal of Applied Psychology 49: 24 – 33. Loui, K. 1995. Understanding Employee Commitment in the Public Organiza tion: A Study of the Juvenile Detention Center. International Journal of Public Administration 18(8): 1269-1295.Luthans, F. and S. J. Peterson. 2003. 360-degree Feedback with Systematic Coaching: Empirical Analysis Suggests a Winning Combination. Human Resource Management 42(3): 243-256.
Menteri Negara Badan Usaha Milik Negara. 2012. Perubahan atas Keputusan Menteri Badan Usaha Milik Negara Nomor kep-17/mbu/2010 tentang rencana strategis Kementerian badan usaha milik negara Periode 2010-2014. Meyer, J. and N. Allen. 1997. Commitment in the Workplace: Theory, Research, and Application. Sage Publications. USA.
Meyer, J. P., N. J. Allen, and A. Smith. 1993. Commitment to Organization and Occupation Extensions and Test of Three Component Conceptualization. Journal of Applied Psychology 78(4): 538-351.
Mishra, P. C. 1997. Underparticipation Stressor as Moderator Variable of the Job Involvement-Job Satisfaction Relationship. Psychological Studies 42(1): 1-4.
Mogotsi, I. C. 2009. An Empirical Investi gation into the Relationship among Knowledge Sharing Behaviour, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment. Disertation. University of Pretoria: 1 – 189.
Morse, N. C. 1953. Satisfactions in White Collar Job. Ann Arbor University of Michigan. USA.
Mudrack P. E. 2004. Job Involvement, Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Traits, and Workaholic Behavioral Tendencies. Journal of Organization Change Manage 17(5): 490-508.
Nonaka, I. and H. Takeuchi. 1995a. the Knowledge-Creating Company. Oxford University Press. New York.
-------. 1995b. Classic Work: Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation, the Knowledge Creating Company. Oxford University Press. Oxford.
Oliveira, P. M., A. V. Roth, and K. M. Ponte. 2003. Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions as A Tool to Transfer Knowledge and Foster Competitive Capabilities. International Journal Technology, Policy and Management 3(2): 204-223. Piderit, S. K. 2000. Rethinking Resistance and Recognizing Ambivalence. A Multidimensional View of Attitudes toward an Organizational Change. Academy of Management 25: 783-794. Prochaska, J. O. and C. C. DiClemente. 1983. Stages and Processes of Selfchange of Smoking: Toward an Integrative Model of Change. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 51: 390-395.------. 1982. Transtheoretical Therapy: Towards More Integrative Model of Change. Psycho therapy: Theory, Research & Practice 19: 276-288.
------. 1984. The Transtheoretical Aapproach: Crossing Traditional Boundaries of Therapy. Dow Jones Irwin Homewood. Illinous.Quiin, J. B., P. Anderson, and S. Finkelstein. 1996. Managing Professional Intellect: Making the Most of the Best. Harvard Business Review 74: 71-80.
Ram, P. and G. V. Prabhakar. 2011. The Role of Employee Engagement in WorkRelated Outcomes. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research in Business 1(3): 47-61.
Rich, B. L. and J. A. Lepine. 2010. Job Engagement: Antecedents and Effect on Job Performance. Academy of Management Journal 53(3): 617-635.
Roach, D. W. and R. E. McGaughey. 1997. Top Management’s Role in Implemen- ting Technological Change: A Study of Computer Integrated Manufacturing. Journal of Information Technology Management 8(1-2): 27–39.
Robbins, S. P. 1996. Organizational Behaviour Concept, Controversiest, Applications. Prentice Hall. Inc. Englewoods Cliffs. USA.
Robinson, D., S. Perryman, and S. Hayday. 2004. The Drivers of Employee Engage ment, Insititute of Employment Studies. UK.
Roostika, R. 2011. The Effect of Perceived Service Quality and Trust on Loyalty: Customer’s Perspectives on Mobile Internet Adoption. International Journal of Innovation, Management and Techno logy 2(4): 286-291.
Ruggles, R. 1998. The State of the Notion: Knowledge Management in Practice. California Management Review 40(3): 80-89.
Sashkin, M. 1984. Participative Management is an Ethical Imperative. Organizational Dynamics. Spring 12(4): 4-22.
Saucer, J. W. I. and L. D. Saucer. 2002. Changing the Way We Manage Change. Advance Management Journal 67:34-39.
Schaufeli, W. B. and A. B. Bakker. 2009. How Changes in Job Demands and Resources Predict Burnout, Work Engagement, and Sickness Absentieeism. Journal of Organizational Behavi-or 30: 893–917.
-------. 2003. UWES-Utrecht Work Engagement Scale: Preliminary Manual Occupational Health Psychology Unit Utrecht University 1: 1-58.Schaufeli, W. B., M. Salanova., V. Gonzalez-Romaand, and A. B. Bakker. 2002. The Measurement of Engagement and Burnout and: A Confirmative Analytic Approach. Journal of Happiness Studies 3: 71-92. Schulze, A. and M. Hoegl. 2008. Organizati onal Knowledge Creation and the Generation of New Product Ideas: A Behavioral Approach. Research Policy 37(10): 1742-1750.
Shah, P. P. 2000. Network Destruction. The Structural Implications of Downsizing. Academy of Management Journal 43(1): 101-112. Shragay, D. and A. Tziner. 2011. The Generational Effect on the Relationship between Job Involvement, Work Satis faction, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones 27(2): 143-157.
Sirower, M. L. 1998. Constructing a Synergitic Base for Premier Deals. Merger and Acquisitions: 41-9.
Sofo, F. 1999. Human Resources Development: Perspective Roles and Practice Choices, Business & Professional. Woodslane Pty Limited. Australia. Spector, P. E. 1997. Job Satisfaction Applica tion, Assessment, Causes, and Consequen ces. Sage Publication. Thou-sand Oaks, CA.
Strümpfer, D. J. W. 1997. The Relation between Religious Motivation and Work-Related Variables amongst Agricultural Workers. South African Journal of Psychology 27(3): 134-142.
Tahere, N., G. T. Zahra, D. Fateme, and Y. J. Asma. 2012. Investigating the Effects of Job Experience, Satisfaction, and Motivation on Organizational Commit- ment Case Study: (The Nurses of Ghaem Hospital in Mashhad, Iran). Research Journal of Recent Sciences 1(7): 59-67.
Tegarden, L. F., Y. Sorason, J. S. Childers, and D. E. Hatfield. 2005. The Engage ment of Employees in the Strategy Process and Firm Performance: The Role of Strategic Goals and Environment. Journal of Business Strategis: 1 -20.
Thompson, A. A. and A. J. Strickland. 1995. Crafting and Executing Strategy. McGraw Hill. USA.
Ulrich, D. 1997. Human Resource Champions. Harvard Business School Press. Boston, Massachusetts.
Weiss, E. J., R. V. Dawis, G. W. England, and L. H. Lofquist. 1967. Manual for the Minnesota Saisfaction Questionnaire. Saint Paul University of Minnesota. Minnesota.
Wesley, F. R. 1990. Middle Managers and Strategy: Microdynamics of Inclusion. Strategic Management Journal 11: 337-351.
White, D. D. and D. A. Bednar. 1984. Locating Problems with Quality Circles. The National Productivity Review 4: 45-52.
Wold, H. 1985. Partial Least Square. Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences. Wiley. New York.
Wright, P., M. Kroll, A. Lado, and B. Vanness. 2002. The Structure of Ownership and Corporate Acquisition Strategies. Strategic Management Journal 23: 41-53. WYK, R. V., A. B. Boshoff, and F. V. N Cilliers. 2003. The Prediction of Job Involvement for Pharmacists and Accountants. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology 29(3): 61-67. Yousef, D. 2000a. Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction as Predictors of Attitudes toward Organizational Change in Non Western Setting. Personnel Review 29(5): 567-592.------. 2000b. Organizational Commitment as Mediator of the Relationship between Islamic Work Ethics and Attitudes toward Organiziational Change. Human Relations 53(4): 513-537.
Zhou, K. Z., G. Y. Gao, Z. Yang, and N. Zhou. 2004. Developing Strategic Orientation in China: Antecedent and Consequences of Market and Innovation Orientations. Journal of Business Research 58: 1049-1058.
