PENGARUH PEMBERDAYAAN TERHADAP KELELAHAN KERJA DAN KECERDASAN EMOSIONAL PERAWAT DAN BIDAN PADA RUMAH SAKIT RUJUKAN DI SULAWESI SELATAN
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24034/j25485024.y2010.v14.i2.279Keywords:
empowerment, role ambiguity, role conflict, job burnout, emotional Subject, intelligenceAbstract
Nurses and midwives is a profession which serves human beings and humanity, in the sense that the profession of nurses and midwives will give priority to the health of individuals, family and society above their own interest. The services provided by nurses and midwives is based on their knowledge and know-how in nursing which integrates the attitude, intellectual capacity and technical skills of the nurses and midwives based on their willingness and competence in helping others in health and sickness. This research is conducted on nurses and midwives in regional referral hospitals in South Sulawesi, which is comprised of seven hospitals in the municipality of Palopo, regency of Bone, regency of Bulukumba, municipality of Parepare and three other hospitals in the municipality of Makassar. The focus of this research is on the empowerment felt by nurses and midwives in relation to role ambiguity and conflict, job burnout and emotional intelligence. Sample was taken using proportional area random sampling where each unit is determined as much as 10 percent by Gay (in Umar, 2004:108). Sample size is about 200 people. The design of this research is explanatory, which tries to explain the relation among variables through confirmatory analysis and proposition testing. The result of the research shows that: (1) the empowerment has positive and significant impact on role ambiguity and conflict, due to the high expectation and lack of workers in the hospitals, (2) role ambiguity and conflict has positive and significant impact on job burnout, (3) empowerment has insignificant impact on job burnout, (4) job burnout has insignificant impact on emotional intelligence, and (5) empowerment has significant and positive impact on emotional intelligence. This research found that task and responsibility should be adapted to job description and further research should develop other variables in the hospital, improve the autonomy and independence of the nurses and midwives so as to reduce role ambiguity and conflict.References
Achmad Hardiman. 2003. Rumah Sakit Indonesia Belum Siap Bersaing. http://-www.kompas.com/kompascetakr/0412/22/humaniora1455383 html-4k. 4/21/04.
Aiken L, Smith H & Lake ET 1994. Lower Medicare mortality among a set of hospitals known for good nursing care, Medical care, vol. 32.pp.771-87
Ashkanasy Neal M., Peter I. Jordan, Charmine E. Hartel. 2002. Emotional Intelligence as a Moderator of Emotional and Behavioral Reaction to Job Insecurity. Academy of Management Review. Vol. 27, No. 3. 361-372.
Augusty Ferdinand. 2006. Metode Penel-itian Manajemen, Pedoman Penelitian untuk Penulisan Skripsi, Tesis dan Disertasi Ilmu Manajemen. Edisi kedua, Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang.
Babakus, Emin., David W. Cravens, Mark Johnston, & William C. Moncrief. 1999. The Role of Emotional Exhaustion in Sales Force Attitude and Behavior Relationship. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science. Volume 27 No.1, p. 58-70.
Benson, S, P.G. Truskett, B.Findlay. 2007. The Relationship Between Burnout and Emotional Intelligence in Australian Surgeon and Surgical Trainees. ANZ Journal of Surgery. Oxford: May 2007. Vol 77, Iss.s1; pg.A79
Bhagat Rabi S. and Sherry E. Sallivan. 2001. Organizational Stress, Job satisfaction and Job Performance, where Do We Go From Here? Journal of Management. Vol 18. No 2, 353-374
Bhanugopan, Ramadu & Alan Fish. 2006. An Empirical Investigation of Job Burnout among Expatriates. Personnel Review, Vol. 35 No. 4, pp. 449-468. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Brancato V .2003. Enhancing Psychological Empowerment for nurses. Pennsylvania Nurse, Vol. 50 pp. 10-11.
Cherniss Carry. 2001. Emotional Intelligence and Organizatinal Effectiveness, The Emotionally Intelligent Workplace. Chapter 1.
Collins, David, Cshepherd and Leslie M. Fine. 1994. Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity Reconsidered. Journal of Personal Selling & Salrs management. Vol. XIV No.2
Conger, J.A., Kanungo, R., 1988. The empowerment process: integrating theory and practice. Academy of Management Review 13, 471-482.
Cooper, RK dan Syawaf Aiman. 2002. Executive EQ, Kecerdasan Emotional dalam Kepemimpinan dan Organisasi, Cetakan Kelima, PT. Gramedia Jakarta.
Daft L. Richard, Norman B. Macintosh. 1984. The Nature and Use of Formal Control System for Management Control and Strategy Implementation. Journal of Manageme., Vol 10 No. 1. 43-66
Daniels K & Guppy A 1994. Occupational stress, social support, job control and psychological well-being. Human Relations, Vol. 47, pp. 1523-38
Eylon, Dafna & Kevin Y. AU. 1999. Exploring Empowerment Cross-Cultural Differences Along the Power Distance Dimensions. Int. J. Intercul-tural Rel. Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 373±385, Elsevier Science Ltd.
Ganster, D.C., Schaubroeck, J., 1991. Work stress and employee health. J. Manage. 17, 235–271.
Goleman, Daniel. 1995. Emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam Books.
------------. 2000. Emotional Intelligence (Kecerdasan Emosional). Alih bahasa T. Heryana, cetakan ke 10, Gramedia Pustaka Umum, Jakarta.
Greco, Paula, Keather K.Spence Laschinger, Carol Wong. 2006. Leader Empowering Behaviours, Staff Nurse Empowerment and Work Engagement/Burnout. Nursing Leadership Volume 19 Number 4.
Hapsari, Elsi Dwi. 2006. Menyiapkan Perawat yang Siap Berkompetisi di Era Pasar Global. Jurnal INOVASI Vol.6/ XVIII/Maret 2006.
Hartline, M.D., Ferrell, O.C., 1996. The management of customer contact service employees: an empirical investigation. Journal of Marketing 60, 52-70.
Hein, Steve. 1999. Ten Habits of Emtionally Intelligent People, New-York, The EQ Institut Inc.
Higgs, Malcolm. 2001. Is the Relationship Between the Myers-Briggs type indicator and emotional intelligence?.Jurnal of Managerial Psychology. Vol.16 No. 7.
Hsieh, Yih-Ming and An-Tien Hsieh2003.. Does Job Standardization Increase Job
Burnout. International Journal of Man-power Vol. 24 No. 5, pp. 590-614. MCB UP Limited.
Imam Ghozali. 2006. Structural Equation Modeling Metode Alternatif dengan Partial Least Square. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
Joiner, Therese A. & Timothy Bartram. 2004. How Empowerment and Social Support Affect Australian Nurses Work Stressors. Australian Health Review; 28, 1; pg. 56.
Kreitner, Robert and Angelo Kinicki. 2000. Organizational Behavior. Irwin/McGraw-Hill, Interna-tional Edition/Fourth Edition.
Laschinger HK & Havens DS. 1997. The effect of work place empowerment on staff nurses’ occupational mental health and work effectveness. Journal of Nursing Administration. Vol. 27, pp. 42-50.
Low, George S., David W. Cravens, Ken Grant & William C. Moncrief. 2001. Antecedents and Consequences of Sales person Burnout. European Journal of Marketing. Vol. 35 No. 5/6, pp. 587-611. MCB University Press.
Luthans, Fred. 2005. Organizational Behavior. Irwin/McGraw-Hill, Tenth Editions.
Manojlovich, Milisa. 2007. Power and Empowerment in Nursing : Looking Backward to Inform the Future. Journal of Issues in Nursing. Vol.12 No.1.
Ma’rifin Husin. 1996. “Pola Pendidikan Keperawatan di Indonesia dalam Upaya Meningkatkan Mutu Pelayanan Rumah sakit,” pada Kongres PERSI VII.
Maslach. Christina and Susan E. Jackson. 1981. The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Occupational Behaviour : 2. 99-113.
Maslach, Christina, Wilmar B. Schaufeli, Michael P. Leiter. 2001. Job Burnout. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2001. 52:397–422
Mayer John D and David Caruso. 2002. The effective leader: Understanding and applying emotional intelligence. Ivey Business Journal November/December 2002.
Mayer, John D, Maria DiPaolo, Peter Salovey. 1990. Preceiving Affective Content in Ambigous Visual Stimuli : A Component of Emotional Intelligence. Journal of Personality Assessement 1990, 54 (3&4), 772-781
Mayer John D, Peter Salovey and David Caruso. 2004. A Further Consideration of the Issues of Emotional Intelligence. Psychological Inquiry, Vol. 15, No. 3, 249-255. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Moncrief, Milliam A, Emin Babakus, David W. Cravens, Mark Johnston. 1997. Examining the antecedents and consequen-ces of salesperson job stress. European Journal of Marketing. Vol. 31 No. 11/12, 1997, pp.786-798.
Moore, Jo Ellen. 2000. One Road to Turnover:An Examination of Work Exhaustion in Technology Professionals. Southern Illinois University. MISQ, Volume 24 No 1, halaman 141 – 168/Maret 2000
Pearce L. Jone 1981. Bringing Some Clarity to Role Ambiguity Research. Academy of Management Review 1981. Vol. 6. No. 4, 665-674
Perrewe, L. Pamela. Wayne A. Hochwarter, Ana Maria Rossi, Allan Wallace, Isabella Maignan, Stephanie L. Castro, David A. Ralston, Mina Westman, Guenther Vollmer, Moureen Tang, Paulina Wan, Cheryl A. Van Deusen. 2002. Are Work Stress Relationships Universal? A nine-region Examination of Role Stressors, General Self-Efficacy, and Burnout. Journal of International Management 8, 163–187. Elsevier Science Inc.
Pranarka, A.M.W, Vidyandika Moeljarto. 1996. Pemberdayaan (Empowerment). Centre for Strategic and International Studies Jakarta.
Quebbeman Amanda J. and Elizabeth J. Rozell. 2002. Emotional intelligence and dispositional affectivity as moderators of workplace aggression: The impact on behavior choice. HRM Review 12 (2002) 125–143
Rizzo R. John, Robert J. House, and Sidney L. Lirtzman 1970. Role Conflict and Ambiguity in Complex Organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly
Robbins, Stephen P. 2005. Organizational Behavior: Concepts, Controversies, and Applications. Prentice-Hall International Editions, Fifth Edition.
Schaubroeck, J., Cotton, J., Jennings, K., 1989. Antecedents and consequences of role stress: a covariance structure analysis. J. Organ. Behav. 10, 35–58.
Schaufeli, Wilmar B, Toon W. Taris. 2005. The conceptualization and measurement of burnout: Common ground and worlds apart. Work & Stress, July September 2005; 19(3): 256_/262
Siegall, Marc. 2000. Putting the Stress Back into Role Stress: Improving The Measurement of Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity. Journal of Managerial Psychology. Vol. 15 No. 5, 2000, pp. 427-439. MCB University Press,
Siswono. 2002. Model Praktik Keperawatan Profesional di Indonesia. Indonesian Nutrition Network, Gizi.net
Spreitzer, G.M. 1995. “Psychological empowerment in the workplace: dimensions, measurement and validation”. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 38 No. 5, pp. 1442-65.
Spreitzer, Gretchen M. 1996. Social Structural Characteristics of Psychological Empowerment. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 39, No. 2, 483-504.
Sulistami D Ratna dan Erlinda Manaf Mahdi, 2006. Universal Intelligence. PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta.
Tjandra Yoga Aditama. 2003. Manajemen Administrasi Rumah Sakit. Edisi Ke 2, Penerbit Universitas Indonesia
Umar, Husein. 2004. Riset Sumber Daya Manusia dalam Organisasi. Cetakan ke enam Penerbit: PT. Gramedia Utama. Jakarta
Vera Aldo, Iris Ravanal, Lonel Cancino, Claudia Carrasco, Gustafvo Conreras, Oscar Ateaga. 2007. Burnout Sindrom and Emotional Intelligence an Analysis From a Psychosocial Approach in a Government Agency in Chile. Escuela de salud Publica, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Chile
Wetzels, Martin, Ko de Ruyter, & Josee Bloemer. 2000. Antecedents and Consequences of Role Stress of Retail Sales Persons. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 7, pp. 65-75.
Yagil, Dana. 2006. The Relationship of Service Provider Power motivation, Empowerment and Burnout to Customer Satisfaction. International Journal of Service Industry Management. Vol. 17 No. 3, pp. 258-270. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
