ANALISA PERILAKU MANAJEMEN TERHADAP PENERAPAN KOMPENSASI PROGRAM OPSI SAHAM EKSEKUTIF
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24034/j25485024.y2007.v11.i1.237Keywords:
Executive Stock Option Plan, Earning Management, and Steps in Compensation PlanAbstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate whether management who offer stock-based compensation which relatively big proportion to manage earnings information prior to grant date. While, this study also investigate the difference behavior of every step stock option offering. This paper contributes to that stream of accounting research by identifying several factors to manage earnings.The study finds that executives have ability to manage information around option grant date to find benefit stock price decreases before the grant date. Its show that the greater of stock option which granted to employee the more motive to manage decreasing earnings management prior to the grant date. The results are consistent with previous researchs that managers in the firms that offering the greater of stock option have the larger motivation to manage decreasing earnings so that can pay the stock option at the price of cheap (Chauvin & Shenoy, 2000; Baker et al., 2002; Balsam et al., 2003). While, based steps of stock option offering, the results of analysis show that there are the difference of influence of offer of the stock option on earnings management behavior at phase 1 and 2, while phase 3 do not differ from phase 1. The general conclusion is that magnitude of ESOP compensation effect earnings management behavior with supported by several conditional factors.
References
Aboody, D. dan R. Kasznik. 2000. CEO Stock Option Awards and The Timing of Corporate Voluntary Disclosures. Journal of Accounting and Economics 29: 73-100.Ayres, F.L. 1994. Perception of Earning Quality: What Managers Need to Know. Management Accounting, March: 27-29.
Baker, T., D. Collins, dan A. Reitenga. 2002. Stock Option Compensation and Earnings Management Incentives. Working Paper.Ball, R. dan P. Brown. 1968. An Empirical Evaluation of Accounting Income Numbers. Journal of Accounting Research (Autumn): 159-178.Balsam, S., H. Chen, dan S. Sankaraguruswamy. 2003. Earnings Management Prior to Stock Option Grants. Working Paper. Temple University dan Georgetown University. Bowen, R.M., L. Ducharme, dan D. Shores. 1995. Stakeholders’ Implicit Claim and Accounting Method Choice. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 20: 255-295.
Bryan, S., L.S. Hwang, dan S. Lillien. 2000. CEO Stock-Based Compensation: An Empirical Analysis of Incentive-Intensity, Relative Mix, and Economic Determinants. Journal of Business 73 (4): 661-693.
Cahan, S.F. 1992. The Effect of Antitrust Investigations on Discretionary Accruals: A Refined Test of The Political-Cost Hypotheses. Accounting Review (January): 77-95.
Chauvin, K.W. dan C. Shenoy. 2000. Stock Price Decreases Prior to Executive Stock Option Grants. Journal of Corporate Finance 7: 53-76.De Angelo, H.L. Angelo, dan D.J. Skinner. 1994. Accounting Choice in Troubled Company. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 17: 113-143.
Dechow, P.M. 1994. Accounting Earnings and Cash Flows as Measures of Firm Performance the Role of Accounting Accruals. Journal of Accounting and Economics 18: 3-42.Dechow, P.M., R.G. Sloan, dan A.P. Sweeney. 1995. Detecting Earnings Management. Accounting Review (April): 193-225.DeFond, M.L. dan J. Jiambalvo. 1994. Debt Covenant Violation and Manipulation of Accruals. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 17: 145-176.Gaver, J.J., K.M. Gaver, dan J. Austin. 1995. Additional Evidence on Bonus Plans and Income Management. Journal of Accounting and Economics 3: 3-28.Guay, W.R. 1999. The Sensitivity of CEO Wealth to Equity Risk: An Analysis of the Magnitude and Determinant. Journal of Financial Economics, 53: 43-71.Hall, S.C. dan W.W. Stammerjohan. 1997. Damage Awards and Earnings Management in the Oil Industry. Accounting Review (January): 47-65.Healy, P.M. 1985. The Effect of Bonus Schemes on Accounting Decisions. Journal of ccounting and Economics 7: 85-107.Healy, P.M. dan K.G. Palepu. 1993. The Effect of Firms’ Financial Disclosure Strategies on Stock Prices. Accounting Horizons, Maret, Vol. 7 No. 1: 1-11.Holthausen, R.W., D. Larcker, dan R. Sloan. 1995. Annual Bonus Schemes and Manipulation of Earnings: Additional Evidence on Bonus Plans and Income Management. Journal of Accounting and Economics: 29-74.Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia. 2001. Pernyataan Standar Akuntansi Keuangan No. 53. Standar Akuntansi Keuangan. Penerbit Salemba, Jakarta.Jensen, M. dan W.H. Meckling. 1976. Theory of The Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs, And Ownership Structure. Journal of Financial Economics 3: 305-360.Jensen, M.C. dan K.J. Murphy. 1990. Performance Pay and Top-Management Incentives. Journal of Political Economy Vol. 98 No. 2: 225-263.Jones, J.J. 1991. Earnings Management During Import Relief Investigation. Journal of Accounting Research (Autumn): 193-228.Kaplan, R. dan A.A. Atkinson. 1998. Advanced Management Accounting, 3rd ed., New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs.Lie, E. 2004. On the Timing of CEO Stock Option Awards. Working Paper.Murphy, K.J. 1985. Corporate Performance and Managerial Remuneration: An Empirical Analysis. Journal of Accounting and Economics 7: 11-42.Murphy, K.J. dan J.L. Zimmerman. 1993. Financial Performance Surrounding CEO Turnover. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 16: 273-315.Naim, A. dan J. Hartono. 1996. The Effect of Antitrust Investigations on the Management of Earnings: A Further Empirical Test of Political-Cost Hypotheses. Kelola 13/V/1996: 126-141.
Perry, S. dan R. Grinaker. 1994. Earnings Expectations and Discretionary Research and Development Spending. Accounting Horizons Vol. 8 No. 4 (December): 43-51.Pourciau, S. 1993. Earnings Management and Non-Routine Executive Changes. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 16: 317-336.Rees, L. dan D. Stott. 1998. The Value-Relevance of Stock-Based Employee Compensation Disclosures. Working Paper (December).Scott, W.R. 2000. Financial Accounting Theory. Prentice – Hall International, Inc. New Jersey.Schuler, R.S. dan V.L. Huber. 1993. Personnel and Human Resource Management. 5th Ed., USA: West Publishing Company.Smith, C.W. dan J.L. Zimmerman. 1976. Valuing Employee Stock Option Plans Using Option Pricing Models. Journal of Accounting Research Autumn: 357-364.Subramanyam, K.R. 1996. The Pricing of Discretionary Accruals. Journal of Accounting and Economics 22: 249-281.Walker, J.W. 1992. Human Resource Strategy. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Warfield, T.D., J.J. Wild, dan K.L. Wild. 1995. Managerial Ownership, Accounting Choices, and Informativeness of Earnings. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 20: 61-91.Yermack, D. 1997. Good Timing: CEO Stock Option Awards and Company News Announcements. Journal of Finance 52 (Juni): 449-476.